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A Full Walkthrough Of The LifeDNA Sleep Report

Aira on February 29, 2024

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A Full Walkthrough Of The LifeDNA Sleep Report

Date of Content: December 29, 2023
Written by: Avanthika Nityanand
Reviewed by: Maarit Tiirikainen, PhD

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Genetic testing for sleep disorders represents a cutting-edge approach to understanding and managing sleep-related issues. 

This testing can reveal insights into individual predispositions for various sleep patterns and disorders by analyzing specific genes and genetic variations. Such personalized information not only aids in diagnosing sleep conditions but also helps in tailoring effective treatment strategies. 

As research in sleep genetics progresses, genetic testing is becoming an increasingly vital tool in sleep medicine, offering new possibilities for optimizing sleep health.

LifeDNA Sleep Report

The LifeDNA Sleep Report

Daytime Napping

Inclination to nap during the day is partially heritable and influenced by genetic variants that affect sleep-wake regulation and circadian rhythms.

In a 2021 GWAS of daytime napping using UK Biobank and 23andMe data, 123 loci associated with napping were identified, including missense variants in known sleep disorder drug target genes (HCRTR1, HCRTR2), arousal-related genes (TRPC6, PNOC), and genes indicating an obesity-hypersomnolence pathway (PNOC, PATJ). The study also linked frequent daytime napping to increased blood pressure and waist circumference.

Excessive Daytime Sleepiness

Some people tend to feel unusually sleepy during the day. The heritability component of this condition involves genes regulating sleep, wakefulness, and circadian rhythms. 

A 2019 study identified 42 genetic loci associated with self-reported daytime sleepiness in a GWAS involving 452,071 UK Biobank participants. These loci are linked to brain function and neuronal pathways, and their aggregate effect on sleepiness was confirmed in Scandinavian cohorts. The study also found connections with other sleep disorders, sleep traits, and conditions like obesity and coronary heart disease. The sleepiness variants cluster into two subtypes: sleep propensity and sleep fragmentation. Among the genetic variants identified was SNP rs1846644 in KSR2, a gene that regulates multiple signaling pathways that affect energy balance, cellular fatty acid, and glucose oxidation and which are implicated in obesity, insulin resistance, and heart rate during sleep in previous studies in humans and mice.

Sleep Depth

Sleep depth refers to the intensity of sleep, affecting how easily one is awakened. Genetic variations in sleep regulation and brain neurotransmitter systems influence the nightly quantity of the  slow brain wave deep sleep. An early study from 2012 found that the ADA gene variant (rs73598374) affects sleep depth and cognitive functions. Individuals with the G/A genotype showed altered sleep patterns, specifically in non-REM slow-wave oscillations, and performed worse in attention tasks compared to G/G homozygotes.

Melatonin Secretion

Melatonin regulates sleep-wake cycles. Genetic differences in melatonin synthesis and metabolism contribute to variations in its secretion levels.

A 2022 GWAS, the first for melatonin secretion, analyzed urine samples from 2373 Taiwanese Biobank participants. It identified five genetic loci associated with melatonin levels, including loci in ZFHX3, GALNT15, GALNT13, LDLRAD3, and the SEPP1-FLJ32255 intergenic region. These genes are linked to circadian behavior, neuronal differentiation, motor disorders, anxiety, and neurodegenerative diseases. 

Periodic Limb Movement During Sleep

Involuntary limb movements during sleep. Genetic factors, particularly those related to nervous system function, may influence its occurrence.

A 2022 GWAS  was performed on periodic limb movements in sleep (PLMS) involving 6843 participants from four cohorts. Genetic variants in two genes, MEIS1 and BTBD9, were significantly associated with PLMS and linked to restless leg syndrome (RLS). PLMS showed genetic correlations with insomnia, stroke risk, and RLS.

Habitual Snoring

Genetics and factors such as airway structure and respiratory system function play a role in the tendency to snore regularly. 

In the 2020 study, researchers found genetic correlations between snoring and several other factors and conditions, including body mass index (BMI), alcohol intake, and smoking. Through gene-based associations, they pinpointed 173 genes and their genetic variants associated with snoring. Among those, DLEU7, MSRB3, and POC5 are notable genes expressed in various relevant body parts such as the brain, cerebellum, lungs, blood, and esophagus.

Sleep Latency

Sleep latency refers to the time it takes to fall asleep. Genes affecting neurotransmitters and circadian rhythm can influence sleep latency.

A 2016 meta-analysis of GWAS in seven European cohorts (4242 individuals) identified three SNPs in the RBFOX3 gene associated with sleep latency. These findings, replicated in 12 populations (30,377 individuals), suggest RBFOX3’s significant role in sleep onset, given its brain and central nervous system expression and involvement in neurotransmitter release.

Sleep Duration

Genetic variations affecting the total time spent sleeping are known to influence circadian clock genes and sleep homeostasis.  

A 2014 GWAS on usual sleep duration involving 47,180 individuals identified significant associations at two loci, particularly near the PAX8 gene (and LINC02966) on chromosome 2. This association was replicated in an African-American cohort. The variant rs1823125 was linked to a longer sleep duration.

Potential for Insomnia

Genetics, including variants related to stress response and brain function, can predispose individuals to insomnia.

A 2020 meta-analysis of twin studies estimated the overall heritability of insomnia to be approximately 40%. According to a 2012 review of sleep disorders, 35% of people with insomnia have a positive family history, with the mother being the most commonly affected family member.

Chronotype

Personal sleep-wake preference pattern (morning or evening type). It’s highly heritable, influenced by genetic variations in the circadian rhythm regulation.

A notable association was discovered between the CLOCK gene’s SNP rs2070062 and sleep duration. Individuals with the T allele experienced significantly shorter sleep durations compared to those without the allele, even after accounting for socio-economic status, body mass index, alcohol consumption, and smoking habits.

Why LifeDNA?

LifeDNA has emerged as a prominent option for analyzing 23andMe and many other raw data sources, owing to a combination of unique offerings and a commitment to personalized wellness. 

We offer a basic DNA raw data analysis package to kickstart your journey. Users with raw data from 23andMe, AncestryDNA, etc., can access close to 200 traits across interests such as Nutrition, Wellness, Vitamins and Supplements, Personality, Fitness, Sleep, Methylation, and Skincare.

Here is why many regard LifeDNA as the best option for making the most of your 23andMe, AncestryDNA, and other raw data:

  • Holistic Approach to Wellness: Unlike many other platforms that focus strictly on health-related risks or ancestry, LifeDNA adopts a holistic approach. We analyze genetic data to offer personalized optimizations for nutrition (including a customized grocery list!), skin care, vitamins & supplements, wellness, personality & cognition, and fitness. This range lets users get a complete picture of their wellness needs based on their DNA.
  • Product Recommendations: We go beyond just providing insights. We offer specific product recommendations, skincare ingredients, or supplements tailored to an individual’s genetic profile. It makes our service actionable, allowing users to make immediate changes based on their results.
  • Data Security: At LifeDNA, we place a high emphasis on protecting user data. Our commitment to privacy ensures that users can trust the platform with their sensitive genetic information.
  • User-Friendly Reports: LifeDNA reports are easy to interpret. Our reports are designed to be accessible to the layperson without compromising on the depth and accuracy of the information.
  • Continual Updates: As genetic research evolves, so does LifeDNA’s platform. Users can expect their reports and insights to be updated with the latest scientific findings.
  • Dedicated Research and Development: At LifeDNA, we invest in research to continually refine our algorithms, ensuring that the insights provided are based on cutting-edge science.
  • Educational Resources: LifeDNA also provides ample resources for users to understand their genetic makeup better. This education-first approach demystifies the complex world of genetics, making it approachable and actionable for everyone.
  • Scientific rigor: To create an unmatched commitment to scientific rigor, LifeDNA partners with CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited, and HIPAA-compliant laboratories.

Furthermore, if you do not have raw DNA data, such as from 23andMe, LifeDNA provides that too. Start your personalized wellness journey with LifeDNA’s state-of-the-art DNA kits here.

Customer Reviews

Christopher Devlin
Christopher Devlin
LifeDNA Customer
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I am so impressed with this service. I have even discussed these recommendations with my health care providers and they are all impressed too! I can’t compare it with other services as I have only tried this but I recommend. Also I think I pulled my genetics in from ancestry too which was super convenient.
Lei'a
Lei'a
LifeDNA Customer
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Great source of information I was looking for a platform to make use of my existing raw data from Ancestry. I’m glad I found LifeDNA. I originally took a DNA test to learn about my roots and it’s great to know that my DNA could also play a big role in my health, diet, and even my skin. Overall, all the reports are incredible.
Shiraz Dole
Shiraz Dole
LifeDNA Customer
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It is crazy how I felt that I had a strong understanding of my bodies needs, but after having my DNA analyzed by the LifeDNA team, I realized that there was so much I still did not know.
Doc Sheila Lim
Doc Sheila Lim
LifeDNA Customer
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I got some pretty useful insight that helped me with my diet.
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*Understanding your genetics can offer valuable insights into your well-being, but it is not deterministic. Your traits can be influenced by the complex interplay involving nature, lifestyle, family history, and others.

Our reports have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. The contents on our website and our reports are for informational purposes only, and are not intended to diagnose any medical condition, replace the advice of a healthcare professional, or provide any medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Consult with a healthcare professional before making any major lifestyle changes or if you have any other concerns about your results. The testimonials featured may have used more than one LifeDNA or LifeDNA vendors’ product or reports.

Why Do People Snore, And Is It Genetic?

Aira on December 31, 2023

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Why Do People Snore, And Is It Genetic?

Date of Content:  December 24, 2023
Written by: Avanthika Nityanand
Reviewed by: Maarit Tiirikainen, PhD

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Overview

Snoring is caused by the vibration of soft tissues in the throat and airway as air flows past them during sleep. Factors contributing to snoring include anatomical attributes like a deviated septum or enlarged tonsils, obesity, which can lead to extra tissue in the throat, aging that relaxes throat muscles, and lifestyle factors like alcohol consumption and smoking. 

Nasal congestion from allergies or infections and certain sleep positions, especially sleeping on the back, can also exacerbate snoring. Conditions like obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), where the throat tissues intermittently block the airway, can also lead to snoring.

Changing sleeping positions can be helpful to stop snoring immediately. Sleeping on the side rather than on the back prevents the tongue and soft tissues in the throat from collapsing into the airway. Elevating the head of the bed by a few inches can also aid in keeping the airways open. Using nasal strips or an external nasal dilator to reduce nasal congestion and ensure smoother airflow through the nose can provide immediate relief.

Maintaining optimal weight, avoiding alcohol and smoking, and establishing regular sleep patterns are key to preventing snoring. Humidifying your bedroom to keep the air moist can alleviate nasal congestion. Practicing good sleep hygiene, like ensuring a quiet and comfortable sleeping environment, is also beneficial. For some, allergy management and specialized pillows to encourage side sleeping can also help prevention.

Is Snoring Genetic

The Genetics Of Snoring

Heritability

A 2020 study focused on the genetic aspects of snoring. Researchers conducted a comprehensive genetic analysis using data from approximately 408,000 individuals from the UK Biobank, including around 152,000 who snore. They successfully identified 42 loci significantly associated with snoring at a genome-wide level. The SNP-based heritability for snoring was estimated to be approximately 10%.

Further, a study conducted in a Korean cohort in August this year (2023) tried to assess the genetic predictability of snoring using a polygenic risk score. The main objective of this study, which included 3,526 snorers and 1,939 non-snorers from the Korean Genome Epidemiology Study (KoGES) cohort, was to replicate the validity of a PRS applied to a UK Biobank cohort.

Findings confirmed that the UK Biobank PRS for snoring was reproducible in the Korean cohort and that genetic risk is an independent risk factor for snoring in this population. This insight could aid in developing personalized strategies to mitigate snoring, particularly in individuals with a high genetic risk.

Genes

In the 2020 study mentioned earlier, researchers also found genetic correlations between snoring and several factors and conditions, including body mass index (BMI), alcohol intake, smoking, schizophrenia, anorexia nervosa, and neuroticism. Through gene-based associations, they pinpointed 173 genes associated with snoring. Among those, DLEU7, MSRB3, and POC5 are notable genes expressed in various body parts such as the brain, cerebellum, lungs, blood, and esophagus.

DLEU7 is associated with various conditions and traits. These include heel bone mineral density, BMI, height, cardiovascular diseases, systolic blood pressure, and a decline in pulmonary function (FEV). The connection between snoring-related genes like DLEU7 and heel bone mineral density might be influenced by BMI, considering the known association between BMI and bone density. 

MSRB3, another gene highlighted in the study, is known for its significant role in protein and lipid metabolism pathways. It has been linked with a range of conditions and characteristics, including the volume of the hippocampus, lung function, Alzheimer’s disease, brain injuries, a personality trait known as novelty seeking, deafness, and height.

Earlier in the article, we discussed how underlying conditions like OSA can also contribute to loud snoring. This was the premise of a GWAS published in March this year (2023). In this study, researchers investigated the prevalence of sleep apnea (SA) and snoring across five cohorts.

They identified positions on chromosomes 5, 11, 12, and 16 near genes ANKRD31, STK33, BDNF (also indicated in the 2020 study), KDM2B, and PRIM1, which are significantly associated with sleep apnea. The study also showed that a PRS that combined sleep apnea and snoring data had a better predictive capability.

Non-Genetic Factors That Influence Snoring

Various non-genetic factors can cause snoring, often related to physical attributes and lifestyle choices. Some of the primary non-genetic causes of snoring include

Age: As people age, the throat becomes narrower, and the muscle tone decreases, which can lead to snoring.

Body Weight: Overweight individuals are more likely to snore. Fat around the neck can squeeze the internal diameter of the throat, making it more likely to collapse during sleep, triggering snoring.

Anatomy of Mouth and Sinuses: Physical attributes such as a thick, low soft palate, enlarged tonsils, or adenoids can narrow the airway. A deviated septum (a misalignment of the wall that separates both sides of the nose) can also cause snoring.

Sleep Position: Sleeping on the back can cause the tongue to move to the back of the throat, which partially blocks airflow and leads to snoring.

Alcohol Consumption: Alcohol relaxes throat muscles and decreases the natural defense against airway obstruction, making snoring more likely.

Smoking: Smoking can increase the chances of snoring as it irritates the membranes in the nose and throat, which can block the airways.

Nasal Problems: Chronic nasal congestion or a crooked partition between your nostrils (deviated nasal septum) can contribute to snoring.

Sleep Deprivation: Not getting enough sleep can lead to further throat relaxation, aggravating snoring.

Medications: Certain medications, especially those that relax muscles, such as tranquilizers or sedatives, can increase the likelihood of snoring.

Snoring can also be a symptom of sleep apnea. It is a severe sleep disorder where breathing stops and starts repeatedly during sleep. It is advisable to consult a healthcare professional if symptoms like excessive daytime sleepiness, interrupted sleep, or gasping or choking at night accompany snoring.

Lifestyle Changes for a Snore-Free Sleep

Various lifestyle changes and remedies can be effective in reducing snoring.  These include:

  1. Change Sleeping Position: Sleeping on the side rather than the back can prevent the tongue from blocking the throat, reducing snoring. Special pillows or body pillows can help maintain this position.
  2. Maintain Optimal Weight: Achieving and maintaining optimal weight can help reduce snoring. Excess weight, especially around the neck, can pressure the airways, leading to snoring. 
  3. Avoid Alcohol Before Bed: Avoiding alcohol and sedatives before bedtime can prevent excessive throat muscle relaxation, which can lead to snoring.
  4. Establish Good Sleep Hygiene: Regular sleep patterns can help reduce snoring. Aim for 7-9 hours of sleep per night and try to go to bed and wake up at the same time every day.
  5. Stay Hydrated: Drinking plenty of fluids can prevent the soft palate and uvula from becoming sticky, which can contribute to snoring.
  6. Clear Nasal Passages: Keeping nasal passages open can help prevent snoring. You can achieve it through nasal decongestants, nasal strips, a neti pot, or a nasal saline spray.
  7. Quit Smoking: Smoking irritates the membranes in the nose and throat, which can block airways and cause snoring. Quitting smoking can help reduce snoring.
  8. Maintain Air Moisture: Using humidifiers to moisten the air in your sleeping area can help soothe nasal passages and the throat, potentially reducing snoring. If a humidifier is not an option, simple alternatives like placing a bowl of water in the room or hanging damp towels can help add moisture to the air.
  9. Elevate Your Head: Elevating the head of your bed by a few inches can help prevent airways from collapsing, reducing snoring.
  10. Exercise: Regular physical activity can tone the muscles in your throat, reducing snoring.
  11. Consider Anti-Snoring Devices: Devices like mandibular advancement devices (MADs) or tongue-stabilizing devices (TSDs) can help keep the airway open during sleep.
  12. See a Doctor: If snoring is severe, persistent, or accompanied by pauses in breathing, gasping, or choking during sleep, it is vital to consult a healthcare professional as it may be a sign of sleep apnea or another medical condition.

These lifestyle changes can be effective for many people. But remember that the effectiveness can vary depending on the individual and the underlying cause of the snoring.

About The LifeDNA Sleep Report

Sleep is essential for all our well-being. LifeDNA’s Sleep Report gives an insight into several traits that can help you optimize your sleep at night.

LifeDNA’s Sleep report analyzes Habitual Snoring and nine other sleep-related traits. Get your insights here.

References

  1. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/snoring/symptoms-causes/syc-20377694
  2. https://www.pennmedicine.org/for-patients-and-visitors/patient-information/conditions-treated-a-to-z/obstructive-sleep-apnea
  3. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-14625-1
  4. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-41369-x
  5. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-14625-1
  6. https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=DLEU7
  7. https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=MSRB3https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9995783/

Customer Reviews

Christopher Devlin
Christopher Devlin
LifeDNA Customer
Read More
I am so impressed with this service. I have even discussed these recommendations with my health care providers and they are all impressed too! I can’t compare it with other services as I have only tried this but I recommend. Also I think I pulled my genetics in from ancestry too which was super convenient.
Lei'a
Lei'a
LifeDNA Customer
Read More
Great source of information I was looking for a platform to make use of my existing raw data from Ancestry. I’m glad I found LifeDNA. I originally took a DNA test to learn about my roots and it’s great to know that my DNA could also play a big role in my health, diet, and even my skin. Overall, all the reports are incredible.
Shiraz Dole
Shiraz Dole
LifeDNA Customer
Read More
It is crazy how I felt that I had a strong understanding of my bodies needs, but after having my DNA analyzed by the LifeDNA team, I realized that there was so much I still did not know.
Doc Sheila Lim
Doc Sheila Lim
LifeDNA Customer
Read More
I got some pretty useful insight that helped me with my diet.
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Next

* LifeDNA is not associated with the above company. 

*Understanding your genetics can offer valuable insights into your well-being, but it is not deterministic. Your traits can be influenced by the complex interplay involving nature, lifestyle, family history, and others.

Our reports have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. The contents on our website and our reports are for informational purposes only, and are not intended to diagnose any medical condition, replace the advice of a healthcare professional, or provide any medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Consult with a healthcare professional before making any major lifestyle changes or if you have any other concerns about your results. The testimonials featured may have used more than one LifeDNA or LifeDNA vendors’ product or reports.

Is Insomnia Genetic?

Aira on September 15, 2023

Table of Contents

Is Insomnia Genetic?

Date of Content: September 15, 2023
Written by: Avanthika Nityanand
Reviewed by: Maarit Tiirikainen, PhD

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Overview

Why Do Living Organisms Sleep?

Sleep is a universal behavior observed across many species. While its exact functions are still being explored, it serves multiple vital roles. It offers a period for physiological restoration and rejuvenation, aids memory consolidation and learning, helps emotional regulation, and boosts immune function. Despite variations in sleep patterns and durations among different species, the commonality of sleep suggests it offers a range of evolutionary advantages critical for survival and well-being.

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Is Sleep Genetic?

What Is Insomnia?

Insomnia is a prevalent sleep issue that can make it difficult to fall asleep, stay asleep, or cause you to wake up earlier than desired without returning to sleep. Despite spending time in bed, you may wake up feeling fatigued. Insomnia can affect your energy, mood, overall health, job performance, and quality of life. The amount of sleep an individual requires can differ, but adults generally need between seven and eight hours per night.

Many adults will eventually encounter short-term or acute insomnia, typically triggered by stress or a significant life event. This usually lasts for a few days to weeks. Others may experience chronic insomnia, which persists for a month or longer and could be a standalone issue or linked to other medical problems or medications.

Fortunately, enduring sleepless nights is not inevitable. Making simple adjustments to your daily routine can bring about improvements.

Is Insomnia Genetic?

A 2020 meta-analysis of twin studies estimated the overall heritability of insomnia to be approximately 40%. According to a 2012 review of sleep disorders, 35% of people with insomnia have a positive family history, with the mother being the most commonly affected family member. Some of the most well-studied genes and polymorphisms related to insomnia are described below:

5-HTTLPR

The serotonin transporter gene region, commonly known as 5-HTTLPR, is frequently studied in psychiatric genetics, including its relationship with insomnia. 

5-HTTLPR is a genetic variant in the serotonin transporter gene, SLC6A4, also known as SERT. This gene is responsible for the reuptake of serotonin, a neurotransmitter that plays a significant role in mood regulation, among other functions. The 5-HTTLPR variant affects how efficiently serotonin is recycled back into nerve cells after release. This can influence an individual’s susceptibility to mood disorders like depression and anxiety. 

Numerous studies have investigated the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism short and long-allele variants. Some research has also looked at sleep issues within the broader context of mental health disorders, finding noteworthy results. 

A 2010 association study discovered that the short allele of the 5-HTTLPR was significantly more common in individuals with insomnia compared to the control group (47.1% vs. 39.9%)

Another cross-sectional study published a few years later found that each short (S) allele of 5-HTTLPR increased the risk of insomnia by over 80% and highlighted a significant interaction with job-related stress. In people with two short alleles (SS genotype), those experiencing high job-related stress had an elevated risk of insomnia, while those with low pressure had a reduced risk. 

A 2014 review also emphasized the role of 5-HTTLPR in affecting sleep quality through stress reactivity mechanisms.

Adenosine Receptors

Adenosine, a substance that promotes sleep, starts at low levels in the morning and accumulates as the day progresses. Elevated adenosine levels and proper activation of its receptors are crucial for good sleep quality at night. Genetic variations that impair the function of adenosine receptors may be associated with insomnia associated with caffeine intake.

Among the four adenosine receptors (A1R, A2aR, A2bR, and A3R), A1R regulates the sleep-wake cycle, while A2aR plays a role in initiating sleep. The genetic variant rs5751876 within the A2aR is found to be associated with insomnia in connection to caffeine consumption. 

A 2019 study showed that individuals with the rs5751876 T allele in the ADORA2A gene, which codes for the A2aR receptor, have a decreased risk of insomnia and general sleep complaints.

Other Genetic Markers

A 2016 study provided preliminary evidence for the potential role of the DRD4 VNTR polymorphism in daytime drowsiness. Another study identified a significant association between DAT1 rs464049 polymorphism and sleep duration in adults. Both DRD4 and DAT1 genes influence the dopaminergic system, a set of pathways that have been widely studied in relation to cognition, reward mechanisms, and motivation. Given the involvement of the dopaminergic system in sleep regulation, it has been cited as a potential target for future research. Recent research has also extended to other genes in the dopaminergic system, such as catecholamine-O-methyltransferase (COMT). 

Other studies indicate the influence of the PGC-1α polymorphisms in an increased risk of insomnia. A 2012 study investigated how variations in PGC-1α might be related to insomnia among people with the Apoε4 risk allele – one of the most well-researched genetic links for Alzheimer’s disease. The study on 202 patients and 253 controls found that the GG allele of PGC-1α increased the risk of insomnia after controlling for sex, age, major depressive disorder, and Apoε4.

A 2014 study on middle-aged women examined polymorphisms in both AHR repressor (AHRR) and CLOCK genes, individually and in combination. Polymorphisms in both genes, AHRR (rs2292596) and CLOCK (rs1801260) were linked to reduced risk of insomnia, suggesting that they serve as protective factors. Women with homozygous or at least one AHRR G allele and CLOCK C allele had a reduced risk of insomnia compared to those homozygous for AHRR C and CLOCK T alleles.

Learn more about LifeDNA’s Skincare Report

What Are the Symptoms of Insomnia?

Symptoms of insomnia can include:

  • Struggling to fall asleep at night
  • Waking up intermittently throughout the night
  • Rising earlier than intended
  • Feeling unrefreshed after a sleep
  • Feeling tired or drowsy during the daytime
  • Experiencing irritability, depression, or anxiety
  • Having trouble concentrating, completing tasks, or remembering things
  • Increased frequency of mistakes or accidents
  • Persistent concerns about your sleep quality

When to Consult a Physician?

If insomnia negatively affects your ability to function during the day, it’s advisable to consult a healthcare provider for a diagnosis and treatment plan. Should your physician suspect you have a sleep disorder, you may be referred to a specialized sleep center for additional tests.

Why Is Sleep Important?

Sleep is crucial for various aspects of human health and well-being, serving both physiological and psychological functions. Here are some reasons why sleep is important:

Physical Health:

  • Restoration and Repair: During sleep, your body works to restore and repair your immune system, muscles, and heart. Tissues grow and repair themselves during sleep.
  • Hormonal Regulation: Sleep is essential for regulating hormones that control growth, stress, and even your appetite. For instance, inadequate sleep can lead to insulin, cortisol, and leptin imbalances, increasing the risk of obesity and diabetes.
  • Brain Health: Sleep helps in the process of neurogenesis, the formation of new neurons. Lack of sleep can interfere with neurological functions and lead to problems like memory loss and impaired cognitive abilities.

Psychological Well-being:

  • Mental Health: Adequate sleep can improve mood and help manage stress and anxiety. Sleep deprivation is strongly linked to various mental health issues, including depression and anxiety disorders.
  • Cognitive Functions: Sleep enhances cognitive functions like memory, problem-solving skills, and attention. During the deep stages of sleep, your brain consolidates memories and skills, making learning and remembering more effective.
  • Emotional Stability: Sleep has a significant impact on emotional regulation. A lack of sleep can make you more irritable and significantly affect your judgement.

Safety:

  • Reduced Risk of Accidents: Sleep deprivation increases the risk of accidents. Lack of focus and slower reaction times are common consequences of poor sleep, leading to traffic and workplace accidents.
  • Enhanced Performance: Athletes and anyone who engages in physical activity can benefit from adequate sleep. Sleep improves physical performance, increases energy levels, and aids in quicker recovery after exercise.

Quality of Life:

  • Social Interactions: Being well-rested generally makes you more alert, more engaging, and better equipped to interact socially, which is crucial for overall well-being.
  • Productivity: Good sleep can make you more productive by enhancing your creativity, concentration, and problem-solving skills.

Given these multi-faceted benefits, it’s clear that sleep isn’t a luxury but a necessity for a healthy, fulfilling life.

Lack of sleep can have serious repercussions. 

  • Sleep deprivation generally leads to decreased attention, working memory, cognitive speed, short-term memory, and reasoning skills. 
  • A survey showed that one-third of commercial truck driving accidents resulted from drowsiness due to insufficient sleep. 
  • According to the National Transportation Safety Board, driving after being awake for more than 20 hours is akin to driving while intoxicated, tripling your risk of a car accident. 
  • Furthermore, inadequate sleep has been correlated with heightened risks of cardiovascular diseases, including heart disease, high blood pressure, arrhythmias, diabetes, and obesity, even after accounting for demographic and socioeconomic factors.

Stages of Sleep

The human body alternates between two main types of sleep: 

  1. REM, or rapid eye movement sleep, and 
  2. NREM or non-rapid eye movement sleep. NREM sleep is split into three sub-stages, known as N1, N2, and N3. 

Differences in muscle activity, brain wave activity, and eye movement distinguish these phases and stages. Generally, the body goes through four to six full cycles of these stages each night, with each cycle lasting around 90 minutes on average.

  • Wake Stage: When awake and alert, your brain primarily emits high-frequency, low-amplitude beta waves. As you relax, these give way to alpha waves.
  • Light Sleep (N1): Making up 5% of sleep time, this stage is marked by theta waves. It serves as a short transition between wakefulness and deeper sleep.
  • Deeper Sleep (N2): Characterized by sleep spindles and K-complexes on EEG, this stage makes up about 45% of total sleep. It’s crucial for memory consolidation. The N2 stage is also typically when any teeth grinding (bruxism) occurs.
  • Deepest Sleep (N3): This slow-wave stage is characterized by delta waves, with the lowest frequency but highest in amplitude. It is when tissue repair, immune strengthening, and sleep-related phenomena like sleepwalking may happen.
  • REM Sleep: Although brain activity here mimics wakefulness, REM sleep is a distinct stage linked to dreaming and cognitive processing. It accounts for roughly 25% of total sleep and becomes longer as the night progresses.

Each stage is crucial in mental and physical restoration, contributing to overall well-being.

Tips To Improve Your Sleep

Avoid Blue Light at Night

One simple yet effective step to enhance your sleep quality and set your body clock right is to reduce blue light exposure at night. Gadgets like phones, TVs, and LED bulbs emit blue light, affecting your natural sleep cycle and reducing melatonin production. You can wear blue-light-blocking glasses to minimize its effects. These glasses are designed to block 100% of blue light.

Change Your Home Lighting

You can switch to color-changing or yellow-hued bulbs for nighttime use. Known as candlelight or Edison bulbs, these emit less blue light. Dimming your home’s overall lighting in the evening can help, too. Turn off bright overhead lights and use lamps fitted with these softer bulbs. It’s also a good idea to shut off your electronic devices a couple of hours before bedtime.

Make Your Bedroom Dark

Your bedroom should be as dark as possible for optimal sleep. Even a tiny amount of light from street lamps can interfere with melatonin production. Consider installing blackout curtains or shades and covering up small lights on electronic devices to create a dark sleep environment.

Keep it Cool

Your body naturally expects cooler temperatures when it’s time to sleep. Maintain a cool but comfortable bedroom temperature for better sleep. Consider specialized water-cooled mattress toppers to help keep your bed cool.

About the LifeDNA Sleep Report

Sleep is essential for everyone’s health and well-being. LifeDNA’s Sleep Report gives an insight into several traits that can help you optimize your sleep at night.

LifeDNA’s Sleep report covers an analysis of Insomnia and (9) other sleep-related traits. Get yours here.

LifeDNA’s Sleep report also covers an analysis of your natural Melatonin levels. Get yours here.

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Summary

  • Sleep is vital in physiological restoration, memory, emotional regulation, and immune function.
  • Sleep is crucial for physical health, psychological well-being, safety, and overall quality of life.
  • Lack of sleep leads to cognitive impairments and increases the risk of accidents and health issues like cardiovascular diseases.
  • The human body cycles through different stages of sleep —REM and NREM— which contribute to mental and physical restoration.
  • Insomnia is a common sleep disorder that can disrupt sleep quality, affect daily function, and reduce quality of life.
  • Insomnia symptoms include trouble falling asleep, waking up frequently, and feeling fatigued during the day.
  • Consult a healthcare provider if insomnia negatively impacts your daily functioning.
  • Some evidence suggests that insomnia has a genetic component, with several genes and neurotransmitter systems potentially implicated.
  • Tips for better sleep include avoiding blue light at night, optimizing bedroom lighting and temperature, and considering melatonin supplements.

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Christopher Devlin
Christopher Devlin
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I am so impressed with this service. I have even discussed these recommendations with my health care providers and they are all impressed too! I can’t compare it with other services as I have only tried this but I recommend. Also I think I pulled my genetics in from ancestry too which was super convenient.
Lei'a
Lei'a
LifeDNA Customer
Read More
Great source of information I was looking for a platform to make use of my existing raw data from Ancestry. I’m glad I found LifeDNA. I originally took a DNA test to learn about my roots and it’s great to know that my DNA could also play a big role in my health, diet, and even my skin. Overall, all the reports are incredible.
Shiraz Dole
Shiraz Dole
LifeDNA Customer
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It is crazy how I felt that I had a strong understanding of my bodies needs, but after having my DNA analyzed by the LifeDNA team, I realized that there was so much I still did not know.
Doc Sheila Lim
Doc Sheila Lim
LifeDNA Customer
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I got some pretty useful insight that helped me with my diet.
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*Understanding your genetics can offer valuable insights into your well-being, but it is not deterministic. Your traits can be influenced by the complex interplay involving nature, lifestyle, family history, and others.

Our reports and suggestions do not diagnose or treat any health conditions or provide any medical advice. Consult with a healthcare professional before making any major lifestyle changes or if you have any other concerns about your results.

References

  1. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35659072/
  2. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33222383/
  3. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31237183/
  4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2831428
  5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25154585/
  6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24480386/
  7. https://www.sleepfoundation.org/how-sleep-works/adenosine-and-sleep
  8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22754043/
  9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17407504/
  10. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6335867/
  11. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25466290/
  12. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22392034/
  13. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3750063/
  14. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20438143/
  15. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17205864/
  16. https://www.nsc.org/road-safety/safety-topics/fatigued-driving
  17. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0149763416302184
  18. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5703049/

*Understanding your genetics can offer valuable insights into your well-being, but it is not deterministic. Your traits can be influenced by the complex interplay involving nature, lifestyle, family history, and others.

Our reports have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. The contents on our website and our reports are for informational purposes only, and are not intended to diagnose any medical condition, replace the advice of a healthcare professional, or provide any medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Consult with a healthcare professional before making any major lifestyle changes or if you have any other concerns about your results. The testimonials featured may have used more than one LifeDNA or LifeDNA vendors’ product or reports.

The Genetics of Circadian Rhythm

Aira on September 8, 2023

Table of Contents

The Genetics of Circadian Rhythm

Date of Content: September 9, 2023
Written by: Avanthika Nityanand
Reviewed by: Maarit Tiirikainen, PhD

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What Is Circadian Rhythm?

Circadian rhythms are internal 24-hour cycles that control important body functions and processes, including the well-known sleep-wake pattern. This internal timing mechanism is shaped by environmental factors, most notably light, linking circadian rhythms to the day-night cycle. The circadian rhythm also enables the body to forecast external conditions, such as sunrise and sunset, and to pre-determine optimal periods for sleep, wakefulness, eating, and activity.

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How Does Circadian Rhythm Work?

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus in the brain is the primary timekeeper for circadian rhythms. The SCN regulates these rhythms at the cellular level and influences various organs, such as the liver, adrenal glands, and the pineal gland.

Zeitgebers (Time-givers)

Our inherent circadian rhythm tends to be longer than a 24-hour cycle, and it varies between individuals. Therefore, it relies on external cues, called zeitgebers or “time-givers,” for constant synchronization with the surrounding environment.  Light is the most potent zeitgeber affecting the SCN. Specialized cells in the retina, known as melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells, communicate directly with the SCN. These cells are particularly susceptible to blue light.

Although light remains the predominant zeitgeber, other elements like physical activity and eating patterns can also influence the SCN. For example, morning and early afternoon exercise advances the circadian clock, and evening exercise delays it.

Chronotype

Chronotype is a person’s natural inclination towards a particular daily activity pattern. Depending on the chronotype, you can be a “morning person,” an “evening person,” or somewhere in between, called an “intermediate type.” Your chronotype is largely influenced by the internal circadian rhythms regulated by your biological clock. However, genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors can also shape it. While chronotype tendencies are often stable traits, they can change throughout a person’s life. For example, children and older adults tend to be more morning-oriented, while teenagers and young adults often shift towards evening types.

Evolutionary Significance

The circadian rhythm has allowed organisms to adapt to the predictable changes in their environment that are, in turn, linked to the rotation of the Earth. 

  • The circadian clock helps to synchronize an organism’s internal processes with external environmental cues such as light and temperature. 
  • By restricting certain activities to specific times of the day, circadian rhythms help in energy conservation.
  • Ultimately, the circadian rhythm offers a significant survival advantage. Organisms with a well-tuned circadian rhythm are better adapted to their environments, have more efficient energy usage, and have better reproductive success.

Can Your Genetics Influence Circadian Rhythm?

Genetics can play a significant role in influencing your circadian rhythm. Specific genes, often called “clock genes,” help regulate the internal mechanisms responsible for your daily sleep cycles, wakefulness, and other physiological processes. Variants in these genes can lead to individual differences in circadian rhythms, including sleep timing, duration, and tolerance to disruptions like jet lag or shift work.

 

Studies have identified specific genes, such as CLOCK, PER1, PER2, and PER3, closely associated with regulating circadian rhythms. These genes interact in complex ways to maintain the body’s internal clock and can vary in their function from person to person, leading to individual differences. For example, some people are naturally “morning people” and find it easier to wake up early and be productive. In contrast, others are “night owls” whose energy levels peak in the evenings.

 

Genetic predispositions can also make some individuals more susceptible to circadian rhythm disorders, such as Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome (DSPS) or Advanced Sleep Phase Syndrome (ASPS). These disorders result in sleep-wake cycles misaligned with societal norms, making it challenging for affected individuals to adhere to conventional schedules.

Molecular Clock

The molecular clock is an intricate system of genes, proteins, and other cellular components that regulate the circadian rhythm in living organisms. The molecular clock comprises genes like CLOCK, BMAL1 (ARNTL), PER1-3, and CRY1-2 that work together to control time-related processes in the body. The CLOCK and BMAL1 genes help activate other genes, PER1-3 and CRY1-2, which in turn switch off the activity of CLOCK and BMAL1. This creates a loop that helps keep our internal clock running. Some of the most well-studied genes and polymorphisms related to circadian rhythms are described below.

CLOCK Gene

Individuals with the T allele experienced significantly shorter sleep durations compared to those without the allele, even after accounting for socio-economic status, body mass index, alcohol consumption, and smoking habits. 

Another widely researched variant of the CLOCK gene with multiple impacts is rs1801260 (also known as CLOCK 3111T/C). Individuals carrying the C allele tend to be more active in the evening, experience delayed sleep initiation, and generally have shorter sleep durations.  A study from 2015 analyzed changes in body temperature, activity level, and posture among women who carry this allele. The research discovered that women with the minor allele C showed increased activity in the evening and distinct daily variations in body temperature, leading researchers to conclude that these individuals exhibit a ‘less stable circadian rhythm.’

PER2 Gene

A genetic variant of the PER2 gene, identified as rs35333999 (p.Val903Ile), was recently linked to chronotype preferences in a comprehensive genome-wide association study (GWAS). This variant is more prevalent among individuals of European descent and is uncommon in African and East Asian groups. The study found that people carrying the minor allele (T) tended to be evening types compared to those with the non-T alleles (C/C).

Other Genes

The PER1 gene produces a protein known as ‘period circadian protein homolog 1.’ This protein, in tandem with CRY (Cryptochrome Circadian Regulator), constitutes the second set of key genes that regulate our body’s internal clock. A 2013 study identified a specific variant, rs7221412, that impacts one’s natural activity timing. Individuals with the A/A genotype are likely to wake up approximately an hour earlier than those with the G/G genotype, with A/G individuals showing an intermediate waking time.

 

The BMAL1 (ARNTL) gene interacts with CLOCK to enhance the expression of other circadian genes PER and CRY. A specific variant of BMAL1, rs3816358 (with A being the minor allele), has also been investigated for its potential connections to the risk of developing breast cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes.

Non-Genetic Factors Influencing Circadian Rhythm

Several factors can disrupt your circadian rhythm, leading to potential health issues, including sleep disorders, impaired cognitive function, and more. Here’s a list of some everyday disruptors:

Environmental Factors

  • Light Exposure: Artificial light in the evenings, especially from screens, can trick your brain into thinking it’s still daytime.
  • Noise Pollution: Loud or inconsistent noise can interrupt sleep patterns.
  • Temperature Fluctuations: An overly warm or cold environment can affect your body’s internal clock.

Lifestyle Factors

  • Irregular Sleep Schedule: Going to bed and waking up at different times each day can desynchronize your circadian rhythm.
  • Shift Work: Working nights or rotating shifts can severely disrupt your internal clock.
  • Jet Lag: Traveling across multiple time zones can interrupt your circadian rhythm.
  • Meal Timing: Eating irregularly can interfere with your body’s metabolic processes, which are regulated by your circadian rhythm.
  • Lack of Exercise: Physical activity can help regulate your circadian rhythm, while a sedentary lifestyle can disrupt it.

Psychological Factors

  • Stress and Anxiety: Stress and anxiety can lead to insomnia and other sleep problems, disrupting your natural circadian rhythm.
  • Depression: Mood disorders can alter your sleep-wake cycles and hormone regulation.

Medical Conditions

  • Sleep Disorders: Conditions like insomnia, sleep apnea, or restless leg syndrome can affect your quality of sleep and, in turn, your circadian rhythm.
  • Hormonal Imbalances: Endocrine system disorders, such as hyperthyroidism or diabetes, can disrupt circadian rhythms.
  • Medications: Some medications, particularly stimulants and certain antidepressants, can alter your circadian rhythm.

Substance Use

  • Alcohol: While it may seem to help you fall asleep, alcohol can disrupt the quality of your sleep.
  • Caffeine: Consuming caffeinated products in the afternoon or evening can make it difficult to fall asleep.
  • Recreational Drugs: Substances like marijuana and hallucinogens can disrupt your circadian rhythm and sleep quality.

How Is Circadian Rhythm Different From Biological Clock?

The terms “circadian rhythm” and “biological clock” are often used interchangeably, but they refer to distinct yet interconnected concepts in the field of chronobiology. 

The “biological clock” refers to an internal timing mechanism that regulates biological processes in an organism. It serves as the master control for generating circadian rhythms and is located in the brain, specifically in the SCN of the hypothalamus in the brain in mammals. This clock is influenced by external cues such as light and temperature, which help synchronize it with the environment. It doesn’t only control sleep-wake cycles but also various other physiological processes like hormone secretion, metabolism, and cell regeneration. 

Other Systems Affected By Circadian Rhythms

Although the sleep-wake pattern is perhaps the most well-known example of circadian rhythms, these 24-hour cycles are crucial to nearly all bodily systems.

 

Ongoing research reveals more about circadian rhythms’ role in various health aspects. For instance, studies have linked them to regulating metabolic functions, including blood sugar levels and cholesterol. They are also connected to mental health, affecting the likelihood of depression, bipolar disorder, and even neurodegenerative conditions like dementia.

 

Emerging evidence suggests that circadian rhythms may significantly impact the immune system and DNA repair mechanisms, critical for cancer prevention. Preliminary studies indicate that the timing of anti-cancer medications may be optimized based on circadian cycles, offering a potential avenue for more effective treatments.

What Happens When Your Circadian Rhythm Goes Out Of Sync?

When your circadian rhythm is out of sync, the body’s internal systems fail to operate at their peak efficiency. One of the most immediate consequences is a disruption in the sleep-wake cycle. Absent the proper cues from the internal clock can reduce the total amount of sleep, low-quality, fragmented sleep, and increase the risk of insomnia and excessive daytime fatigue.

 

Research indicates circadian rhythm imbalances may also be implicated in specific sleep disorders, such as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). This disorder is characterized by repeated interruptions in breathing during sleep, leading to decreased oxygen levels and multiple awakenings throughout the night.

How To Optimize Your Circadian Rhythm?

Maintaining a healthy circadian rhythm is essential for optimal physical and mental well-being. Here are some tips to keep your circadian rhythm in control:

  • Stick to a Schedule: Try to wake up and sleep at the same time every day, even on weekends, to help regulate your internal clock.
  • Limit Blue Light Exposure: Reduce exposure to blue light from phones, tablets, and computer screens in the evening. This can help increase melatonin production, signaling your body that it’s time to wind down.
  • Get Morning Sunlight: Exposure to natural light in the morning helps reset your circadian rhythm and improves mood and alertness.
  • Avoid Caffeine and Alcohol Before Bed: Consuming caffeine or alcohol can disrupt sleep quality and the circadian rhythm.
  • Eat at Regular Times: Eating meals consistently daily can help synchronize your body’s internal clock.
  • Exercise Regularly: Physical activity, particularly in the morning or early afternoon, can help you fall asleep more easily and improve the quality of your sleep.
  • Create a Restful Environment: Keep your bedroom cool, dark, and quiet to signal to your body that it’s time for sleep. Consider using blackout curtains and white noise machines if necessary.
  • Limit Naps: While napping can be refreshing, keep them short (20-30 minutes) and not too close to bedtime to avoid disrupting your circadian rhythm.
  • Stay Hydrated but Not Too Much: While it’s essential to stay hydrated, try not to drink a lot of fluids right before bed to minimize nighttime waking for bathroom trips, which can disrupt your sleep cycle.
  • Consult with Professionals: If you’re having persistent sleep issues or circadian rhythm issues, consult a healthcare provider for personalized advice, which may include sleep studies or other diagnostic tests.

About The LifeDNA Sleep Report

Sleep is essential for everyone’s health and well-being. LifeDNA’s Sleep Report gives an insight into several traits that can help you optimize your sleep at night.

LifeDNA’s Sleep report covers an analysis of Circadian Rhythm (Chronotype). Get yours here.

Summary

What Are Circadian Rhythms?

  • 24-hour internal cycles for bodily functions.
  • Governed by a brain-based biological clock.
  • Light is the main synchronizer; disruptions can affect sleep and health.

How Circadian Rhythm Works

  • Controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus.
  • Light cues from retina cells adjust the clock.
  • Other cues like exercise and eating can also influence the SCN.

Difference Between Circadian Rhythm and Biological Clock

  • The biological clock is the internal timing mechanism.
  • Circadian rhythm is a 24-hour cycle controlled by the biological clock.

Customer Reviews

Christopher Devlin
Christopher Devlin
LifeDNA Customer
Read More
I am so impressed with this service. I have even discussed these recommendations with my health care providers and they are all impressed too! I can’t compare it with other services as I have only tried this but I recommend. Also I think I pulled my genetics in from ancestry too which was super convenient.
Lei'a
Lei'a
LifeDNA Customer
Read More
Great source of information I was looking for a platform to make use of my existing raw data from Ancestry. I’m glad I found LifeDNA. I originally took a DNA test to learn about my roots and it’s great to know that my DNA could also play a big role in my health, diet, and even my skin. Overall, all the reports are incredible.
Shiraz Dole
Shiraz Dole
LifeDNA Customer
Read More
It is crazy how I felt that I had a strong understanding of my bodies needs, but after having my DNA analyzed by the LifeDNA team, I realized that there was so much I still did not know.
Doc Sheila Lim
Doc Sheila Lim
LifeDNA Customer
Read More
I got some pretty useful insight that helped me with my diet.
Previous
Next

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*Understanding your genetics can offer valuable insights into your well-being, but it is not deterministic. Your traits can be influenced by the complex interplay involving nature, lifestyle, family history, and others.

Our reports and suggestions do not diagnose or treat any health conditions or provide any medical advice. Consult with a healthcare professional before making any major lifestyle changes or if you have any other concerns about your results.

References

  1. https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/lactose-intolerance-or-dairy-allergy 
  2. https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/lactose-intolerance/ 
  3. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lactose-intolerance/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374238 
  4. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/12360-hydrogen-breath-test
  5. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/lactose-tolerance-tests/ 
  6. https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/lactose-intolerance.html
  7. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/lactose-intolerance
  8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9105309/#:~:text=In%20approximately%2030%25%20of%20cases,often%20accompanied%20by%20abdominal%20pain. 
  9. https://gi.org/topics/lactose-intolerance-in-children/#:~:text=The%20symptoms%20of%20lactose%20intolerance,symptoms%20until%20later%20in%20life.
  10. https://www.giwebmd.com/blog/2021/7/13/understanding-lactose-intolerance#:~:text=Lactose%20Intolerance%20can%20cause%20serious%20digestive%20issues.&text=If%20left%20untreated%2C%20lactose%20intolerance,in%20the%20stomach%20and%20chest
  11. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lactose-intolerance/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374238#:~:text=In%20people%20with%20lactose%20intolerance,following%20a%20low%2Dlactose%20diet.
  12. https://www.healthline.com/health/can-you-develop-lactose-intolerance#developing-lactose-intolerance
  13. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/is-lactose-intolerance-an-allergy#is-it-an-allergy 
  14. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7551416/ 
  15. https://indianapublicmedia.org/eartheats/lactose-intolerance-head.php#:~:text=Researchers%20have%20found%20that%20many,be%20anxious%2C%20stressed%20or%20depressed. 
  16. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3401057/
  17. https://gi.org/topics/lactose-intolerance-in-children/#:~:text=The%20symptoms%20of%20lactose%20intolerance,symptoms%20until%20later%20in%20life.

*Understanding your genetics can offer valuable insights into your well-being, but it is not deterministic. Your traits can be influenced by the complex interplay involving nature, lifestyle, family history, and others.

Our reports have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. The contents on our website and our reports are for informational purposes only, and are not intended to diagnose any medical condition, replace the advice of a healthcare professional, or provide any medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Consult with a healthcare professional before making any major lifestyle changes or if you have any other concerns about your results. The testimonials featured may have used more than one LifeDNA or LifeDNA vendors’ product or reports.

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